The second quarter of a two-quarter sequence which includes the structure, function and pathology of the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. Emphasis will be given to the homeostatic relationships between systems. Four hours of lab per week will be devoted to exploring these systems. Lab participation is required for credit.
Prerequisites
A minimum grade of 2.0 in BIOL& 241 or equivalent.
Quarters Offered
Spring,
Winter,
Fall
Course Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to demonstrate the following knowledge or skills:
- Describe and explain the form, function and interrelationships of the body systems and the major diseases and disorders of each. Relate form to function. Focus on endocrine system.
- Explain the mechanics of cell chemistry and metabolic processes in detail; relate variations to disease processes and conditions.
- Locate and identify all major anatomical components of the cardiovascular, Iymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems in human models.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the physiology of the above systems including both the chemical and neurological control mechanisms for each, drawing heavily from principles learned in 241.
- Explain the pathology of the selected disorders of each system. edit
Course Content Outline
- Endocrine Regulation
Endocrine glands: location, structure, functions and secretions
Relationship of the hypothalamus to both lobes of the pituitary gland and the portal system
Endocrine pathology: receptor malfunctions, hyposecretion and hypersecretion - The Heart: Anatomy
External and internal anatomical features of the heart and the pericardial sac including valves, layers of the heart wall, and vestigial structures from fetal development. - Cardiac Physiology
Names and functions of each structure involved in the generation and conduction of the electrical impulse of contraction; molecular mechanism of self-exciting impulse generation in the sinoatrial node and in myocardial tissue.
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
Pathway of blood through the heart; Valve function and heart sounds
Neural and hormonal control mechanisms for both heart rate and stroke volume; cardiac output
Major diseases or heart conditions - Circulation: Blood Vessels, Circulatory Patterns, Disorders
Normal vessel structure and patterns with normal and abnormal variation
Blood pressure: neural and hormonal mechanisms of homeostatic control
Pathophysiology of vessels - Blood: Composition, Functions, Dyscrasias
Cells and major proteins
Analysis of lab results with respect to bacterial and viral diseases - The Lymphatic System
Structure and functions of all organs and components of lymphoid tissue
Flow of lymph from formation to its return to the venous system - The Respiratory System; Control and Pathology
Structure and functions of all respiratory; breathing mechanics
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Regulation of respiration and its relation to blood chemistry and pressure
Roles of respiratory system and kidney in blood pH regulation
Causes, compensations, and lab results associated with respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Major obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases - Digestive Anatomy, Physiology and Disorders
Structure and function of all organs and accessory structures of the digestive tract
Homeostatic control of motility and secretion
Chemical basis of digestion, major secretions and actions
Structure and function of the liver; hepatic portal system - Cellular Respiration and Metabolism
Composition and function of various buffer systems in health, acidosis, and alkalosis
Cellular respiration and fermentation
Carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in health and disease; gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and lipogenesis - The Urinary System:
Structure and functions of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Function of each segment of the nephron in terms of filtration, reabsorption and secretion
Roles of ADH and aldosterone in the control of reabsorption
Regulation of blood pH and red blood cell production
Regulation of blood pressure: angiotensin pathway - The Reproductive System:
Structure and function of male and female reproductive systems
Hormones of reproduction; the Endometrial
Endometrial cycle; menstruation and fertilization
Lab Topics: (in person and/or digital using the Visible Body program, a synthetic cadaver, muscle models, tissue slides and/or skeletons)
- The Heart
External and internal features of the heart: beef hearts and models, pathogenesis
Myocardial infarctions; angiography, angioplasty, and CABG surgery - The Circulatory System
Major arteries and veins: models
Fetal blood flow, changes at birth - Cardiovascular Response and Compensation
- Experiments cardiovascular effects of exercise and standing
- The Respiratory System
Measurement of pulmonary volumes
Major components of the respiratory system: models
Respiratory pathology - The Digestive System
Digestive structures: models
Digestive pathology - The Urinary System
Dissection of injected sheep kidneys
Nephron and urinary system structures: models
Urinary system pathology
Computer simulations of kidney function - Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Reproductive structures: models
Department Guidelines
- The overall course percentage will be based on the following weighted categories:
- Lecture exams (including 2-4 tests plus a comprehensive final exam) collectively worth 45-50%,
- Laboratory work collectively worth 40%, and
- Class assignments/quizzes collectively worth 10-15% of the overall score.
- A standard grade scale will be used for this course with a 2.0 grade point corresponding to 72%.
- All exams are proctored. When possible, exams are held on campus. Online and hybrid courses may have exams online, but they must be proctored to ensure academic honesty.
- Lab is an essential part of this class and is required for credit. Students missing more than two labs will not be given credit for this course.
- PO5 should be assessed: Students will be able to solve problems by gathering, interpreting, combining and/or applying information from multiple sources.